Totally agree with you.
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Mass posting links in all sites

Quality Content and Backlinks are effects affect the ranking of a site. So You should care during SEO.

You need to have relevant content on your domain for the keywords you want to rank for. You also need backlinks from relevant & high authority sites, besides having positive social media signals. In other words, you need your content to go viral on social media.

http://positionly.com/blog/seo/google-ranking-factors
You better check this

There are plenty of factors that affect seo. Read Google webmaster Guideline, SEO moz blog and starter guide, Google's seo starter e-book..you will get your answer.

The backlinks to the webite also plays important role in ranking a website....

Content plays a prominent role in Website.It should be unique and target keyword added to the website.

Google bot (Crawler bot) looking for reputed page available on site or resisted URL in order to ranked a particular site in the web search result.

Some of the key factors that affect Web Site's Ranking:
Keyword prominence
Keyword frequency
Keyword density
Keyword proximity
Keyword placement

Sir, how is this done correctly?

It's about 200 factors. Noone know